A novel ion channel formed by interaction of TRPML3 with TRPV5.

TRPML3 and TRPV5 are members of the mucolipin (TRPML) and TRPV subfamilies of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels. Based on sequence similarities of the pore forming regions and on structure-function evidence, we hypothesized that the pore forming domains of TRPML and TRPV5/TRPV6 channels have similarities that indicate possible functional interactions between these TRP channel subfamilies. Here we show that TRPML3 and TRPV5 associate to form a novel heteromeric ion channel. This novel conductance is detectable under conditions that do not activate either TRPML3 or TRPV5. It has pharmacological similarity with TRPML3 and requires functional TRPML3 as well as functional TRPV5. Single channel analyses revealed that TRPML3 and TRPV5 heteromers have different features than the respective homomers, and furthermore, that they occur in potentially distinct stoichiometric configurations. Based on overlapping expression of TRPML3 and TRPV5 in the kidney and the inner ear, we propose that TRPML3 and TRPV5 heteromers could have a biological function in these organs

Bodenuntersuchungen für Biobetriebe

Das Merkblatt erläutert, warum Bodenuntersuchungen notwendig sind und befasst sich mit der Probenentnahme sowie der Interpretation der Analyseergebnisse

Nährstoffbilanzen im biologischen Landbau

Mit Nährstoffbilanzberechnungen lassen sich Umweltleistungen im Bereich des Nährstoffeinsatzes in der Landwirtschaft aufzeigen. In der Schweiz ist die Erfüllung einer ausgeglichenen Bilanz Voraussetzung für staatliche Subventionen im Rahmen von Ökoprogrammen. Auf den Biobetrieben wird zur Nährstoffbilanzberechnung seit langem die sogenannte DGVE-Methode (Gemüsebau: LBL-Methode), auf integriert produzierenden Betrieben die sogenannte LBL-Methode eingesetzt (Tab.1). Von der staatlichen Biokontrolle wurde zunehmend eine einheitliche, für alle Betriebstypen einsetzbare Methode verlangt. Anhand von Praxisdaten sollten daher die oben genannten Methoden auf ihre Vergleichbarkeit überprüft werden. Um die Salden besser bewerten zu können, wurden sie mit den in Deutschland gebräuchlichen Import/Export- und Angebots/Entzugs-Methoden verglichen

TMC and EVER genes belong to a larger novel family, the TMC gene family encoding transmembrane proteins

BACKGROUND: Mutations in the transmembrane cochlear expressed gene 1 (TMC1) cause deafness in human and mouse. Mutations in two homologous genes, EVER1 and EVER2 increase the susceptibility to infection with certain human papillomaviruses resulting in high risk of skin carcinoma. Here we report that TMC1, EVER1 and EVER2 (now TMC6 and TMC8) belong to a larger novel gene family, which is named TMC for trans membrane channel-like gene family. RESULTS: Using a combination of iterative database searches and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments we assembled contigs for cDNA encoding human, murine, puffer fish, and invertebrate TMC proteins. TMC proteins of individual species can be grouped into three subfamilies A, B, and C. Vertebrates have eight TMC genes. The majority of murine TMC transcripts are expressed in most organs; some transcripts, however, in particular the three subfamily A members are rare and more restrictively expressed. CONCLUSION: The eight vertebrate TMC genes are evolutionary conserved and encode proteins that form three subfamilies. Invertebrate TMC proteins can also be categorized into these three subfamilies. All TMC genes encode transmembrane proteins with intracellular amino- and carboxyl-termini and at least eight membrane-spanning domains. We speculate that the TMC proteins constitute a novel group of ion channels, transporters, or modifiers of such

Artificial light and nocturnal activity in gammarids

Artificial light is gaining attention as a potential stressor to aquatic ecosystems. Artificial lights located near streams increase light levels experienced by stream invertebrates and we hypothesized light would depress night drift rates. We also hypothesized that the effect of light on drift rates would decrease over time as the invertebrates acclimated to the new light level over the course of one month’s exposure. These hypotheses were tested by placing Gammarus spp. in eight, 75 m × 1 m artificial flumes. One flume was exposed to strong (416 lx) artificial light at night. This strong light created a gradient between 4.19 and 0.04 lx over the neighboring six artificial flumes, while a control flume was completely covered with black plastic at night. Night-time light measurements taken in the Berlin area confirm that half the flumes were at light levels experienced by urban aquatic invertebrates. Surprisingly, no light treatment affected gammarid drift rates. In contrast, physical activity measurements of in situ individually caged G. roeseli showed they increased short-term activity levels in nights of complete darkness and decreased activity levels in brightly lit flumes. Both nocturnal and diurnal drift increased, and day drift rates were unexpectadly higher than nocturnal drift

(+)-{1,2-Bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-diethyl­phospho­lan-1-yl]ethane-κ 2 P,P′}(η 4-cyclo­octa-1,5-diene)rhodium(I) tetra­fluoridoborate

The title compound, [Rh(C8H12)(C18H36P2)]BF4, exhibits a rhodium(I) complex cation with a bidentate bis­phosphine ligand and a bidentate η 2,η 2-coordinated cyclo­octa-1,5-diene ligand. The ligands form a slightly distorted square-planar coordination environment for the Rh(I) atom. An intra­molecular P–Rh–P bite angle of 83.91 (2)° is observed. The dihedral angle between the P—Rh—P and the X—Rh—X planes (X is the centroid of a double bond) is 14.0 (1)°. The BF4 anion is disordered over two positions in a 0.515 (7):0.485 (7) ratio

Pastevní výkrm skotu

Odbytové možnosti pro hovězí biomaso z pastevního výkrmu jsou ve Švýcarsku dobré. Úspěšný je však jen takový chovatel, který ovládá management vedení stáda a pastvy, krmení a posouzení jatečné zralosti, a může tak nabízet maso žádané kvality za přijatelnou tržní cenu. Tato příručka k tomu poskytuje technické údaje a shrnuje znalosti zkušených praktiků

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty leads to significant biomechanical changes in the remaining rotator cuff

Objective: after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) external and internal rotation will often remain restricted. A postoperative alteration of the biomechanics in the remaining cuff is discussed as a contributing factor to these functional deficits.Methods: in this study, muscle moment arms as well as origin-to-insertion distance (OID) were calculated using three-dimensional models of the shoulder derived from CT scans of seven cadaveric specimens.Results: moment arms for humeral rotation are significantly smaller for the cranial segments of SSC and all segments of TMIN in abduction angles of 30 degrees and above (p ≤ 0.05). Abduction moment arms were significantly decreased for all segments (p ≤ 0.002). OID was significantly smaller for all muscles at the 15 degree position (p ≤ 0.005), apart from the cranial SSC segment.Conclusions: reduced rotational moment arms in conjunction with the decrease of OID may be a possible explanation for the clinically observed impaired external and internal rotation